What is the correct approach to frostbite in the field?

• A. Rub vigorously to generate heat
• B. Remove wet clothing, then rub the area
• C. Rewarm in 10–20°C water immediately
• D. Do not rub; remove wet clothing; rewarm gradually in 37–39°C water if safe; cover with nonadherent dressings; protect from refreezing

Answer: (D)

In frostbite care, the priority is to prevent further damage and thaw the tissue safely. Rubbing the affected area is not acceptable because it can crush fragile, ice-laden tissue and worsen injury. Removing wet clothing helps reduce ongoing heat loss and protects the skin. If you can keep the area warm and there’s no risk of refreezing, rewarm gradually in water at about 37–39°C to restore blood flow without causing burns. Avoid using cold or overheated water. After thawing, cover with nonadherent dressings to prevent damage to the thawed skin and protect from further cold exposure; ensure the area is kept from refreezing. This combination minimizes tissue injury and supports proper healing in the field.