What is immersion foot and how should EMS manage it?

• A. Hot compresses applied to the feet to speed rewarming
• B. Keep feet dry and warm, gradual rewarming when safe, avoid walking to prevent tissue damage
• C. Immediate soaking of feet in hot water to increase blood flow
• D. Use of massage and rubbing of the feet to promote circulation

Answer: (B)

Immersion foot, or trench foot, results from prolonged exposure of the feet to cold, wet conditions. The constant damp and cold cause reduced blood flow and nerve functioning, leading to numbness, pale or swollen skin, and a risk of tissue damage if the condition progresses.

The best EMS approach focuses on stopping further injury and protecting the tissue. Remove the person from the wet surroundings and loosen tight footwear or socks. Dry the feet and keep them warm and protected in a dry environment. Rewarming should be gradual and done with ambient warmth rather than with hot water or direct heat sources, and you should avoid rubbing or massaging the feet. Encourage rest and avoid walking to prevent additional tissue damage. If symptoms persist, worsen, or signs of infection appear, seek further medical care promptly.